Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024

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Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024
A destroyed home with EF4 damage in Greenfield Iowa. It has been completely leveled with most debris blown away.
Home destroyed by an EF4 tornado in Greenfield, Iowa
Meteorological history
DurationMay 19–27, 2024
Tornado outbreak
Tornadoes199+
Maximum ratingEF4 tornado
Duration6 days, 9 hours, 40 minutes
Highest windsTornadic – 175–185 mph (282–298 km/h) (Greenfield, IA EF4 tornado on May 21)*
*Wind gusts of up to 250–290 mph (400–470 km/h) were measured in this tornado by Doppler on Wheels (DOW)
Highest gustsNon-tornadic – 110 mph (180 km/h) (Ansted, West Virginia, May 26)[1]
Overall effects
Fatalities23 (+8 non-tornadic)[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Injuries238+[9][10]
Areas affectedMidwestern, Southern and Eastern United States, Canada
Part of the Tornadoes of 2024

A multi-day period of significant tornado activity occurred across the Midwestern United States and the Mississippi Valley as well as an additional tornado in the Canadian province of Quebec from May 19–27, 2024. Tornadoes were reported across large portions of the Central United States, with multiple Particularly Dangerous Situation (PDS) watches were issued across the sequence.[11][12][13][14] Five fatalities were confirmed with a large, violent EF4 tornado that went through Greenfield, Iowa on May 21. Tornadic activity continued over the next several days, including a nocturnal outbreak that occurred during the overnight hours of May 25 into May 26. Seven fatalities were confirmed from a destructive tornado that struck Valley View, Texas while two more fatalities were confirmed from an EF3 tornado that struck Claremore and Pryor, Oklahoma. Another fatality was confirmed from a tornado in Olvey, Arkansas and an additional tornadic death also occurred in Arkansas. Many other tornadoes occurred on the afternoon and evening of May 26, including a very destructive, intense EF3 tornado, which prompted the issuance of 4 tornado emergencies across western Kentucky.[15]

Meteorological synopsis[edit]

May 19[edit]

On May 19, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) outlined a level 4/Moderate risk of severe weather across southwest to central Kansas, encompassed by a level 3/Enhanced risk that extended into northwestern Oklahoma as well. Across the highest risk area, forecasters warned of the potential for a developing derecho capable of producing damaging winds upwards of 100 mph (160 km/h).[16] By the early afternoon hours, a northwest-to-southeast-oriented dryline extended from eastern Colorado into the Texas Panhandle, while a cold front laid across northern and central Kansas. Between these boundaries, dewpoints rose into the lower 60s °F and effective wind shear reached 50 kn (60 mph; 90 km/h), supportive of supercell thunderstorms that would likely evolve into a line of storms as a shortwave trough approached from the west.[17] Given the environment, the SPC issued a particularly dangerous situation severe thunderstorm watch across much of Kansas, northwestern Oklahoma, and the far northeastern Texas Panhandle.[18] An intense supercell developed in north-central Kansas, producing large hail in excess of 2 in (51 mm), tornadoes, and a wind gust to 71 kn (82 mph; 131 km/h) near Russell,[19] eventually growing upscale as additional convective clusters formed to the southwest.[20] In Oklahoma, an isolated intense supercell developed and tracked eastward toward the Oklahoma City metropolitan area as low-level wind shear began to increase.[21] Meanwhile, dual mesoscale convective vortices tracked across eastern Kansas,[22] contributing to widespread damaging wind reports—including multiple high wind gusts in excess of 65 kn (75 mph; 120 km/h)—as well as several tornadoes.[23] As the complexes continued into Missouri, they encountered more stable air, causing the severe threat to gradually diminish.[24]

The Storm Prediction Center's Day 1 convective outlook for May 21, 2024, issued at 1300Z, indicating a moderate risk for severe weather over much of Iowa and nearby parts of Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, and southeastern Minnesota.

May 20–21[edit]

The severe threat shifted northward on May 20 as the SPC issued a level 3/Enhanced risk across northeastern Colorado and southwestern Nebraska. Here, forecasters expected a mixture of supercells and clusters of storms to originate near the Palmer Divide. Although rich moisture waned with westward extent,[25] dewpoints in the upper 50s to lower 60s °F were expected to spread northwestward from Kansas and into Colorado.[26] Thunderstorms developed in this area by the late afternoon hours, though their growth was stunted by marginal instability.[27] Several discrete supercells eventually evolved across northeastern Colorado and began to grow upscale while encountering a more moist and unstable environment to the east across western Nebraska.[28] The bowing line of storms traversed Nebraska and eventually Iowa through the pre-dawn and early morning hours of May 21, resulting in continued damaging wind gusts.[29][30]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

On May 21, the SPC issued another Moderate risk for severe weather in the states of Iowa, Missouri, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois, including a 15% risk for significant tornadoes.[31] Upper-air soundings observed steep lapse rates in the middle troposphere over parts of Kansas and Missouri on the morning of May 21. The SPC predicted that these conditions would spread into the primary severe weather risk area, overlapping with a moist airmass with dew points approaching 70 °F (21 °C) and leading to strong potential atmospheric instability.[32] That morning, an organized cluster of thunderstorms moved into Iowa after having produced severe wind gusts in central and eastern Nebraska. This line of storms continued across central and eastern Iowa just north of a warm front, presenting a continued threat for damaging wind gusts.[33] Additional storms began to develop along the border between Kansas and Nebraska ahead of an approaching trough. The SPC anticipated that the atmospheric environment over eastern Nebraska and western Iowa would become increasingly conducive for further organization of these storms into supercells.[34] A tornado watch was issued by the SPC for areas near and along the Nebraska–Iowa border region at 11:10 a.m. CDT in anticipation of these changes.[35] At 1:10 p.m. CDT, the SPC issued a tornado watch flagged as a particularly dangerous situation for much of Iowa and parts of surrounding states, including an 80% likelihood of a significant tornado occurring within the watch area.[36] Supercells were active over southwestern Iowa by the mid-afternoon, approaching an environment favorable for tornadogenesis leading into the Des Moines area.[37]

Multiple tornadoes were reported in Iowa, including a damaging tornado near Corning and in Greenfield, where multiple fatalities were reported.[38][10] Tornadoes were also reported in Minnesota and Wisconsin.[38]

May 22[edit]

On May 22, the SPC outlined a Enhanced risk extending from central Texas across southeastern Oklahoma, extreme northwestern Louisiana, and southwestern Arkansas.[39] In Texas, a cold front stretched from the Red River southwestward into the Permian Basin, with a surface trough just ahead of that front. Supercells were expected to evolve within a sheared and deeply unstable environment given effective wind shear of 60 kn (70 mph; 110 km/h) and mixed-layer CAPE of 3,000 J/kg. As such, very large hail was anticipated to be the main threat, although isolated tornadoes were possible too before storms grew upscale into one or more convective lines.[40] To the northeast, lines of storms tracked across Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Tennessee, with a primary risk of damaging winds and large hail.[41][42] Meanwhile, intense supercells developed across central Texas in a very unstable and deeply sheared environment, riding along outflow boundaries that enhanced the tornado threat.[43] A particularly intense tornado developed southwest of Sterling City. Ongoing storms across Texas eventually evolved into an intense mesoscale convective system moving across eastern portions of the state and into Louisiana through the late evening.[44]

May 23–24[edit]

On May 23, the SPC issued an Enhanced risk over central Nebraska to Western Iowa for the threat of damaging winds. Conditions weren't quite as favorable this day compared to others with dew points only expected to reach the upper 50s °F, creating conditions for high-base supercells, lowering the tornado potential. However, CAPE values were still able to reach 1000-3000 J/kg. Combined with shear reaching 45-55 kts, conditions were favorable for severe weather.[45] Storms initiated along a front over northwest Nebraska around 4pm CDT, though the line quickly dissipated with only a supercell able to maintain itself as it went around the corner of Colorado as it produced several tornadoes.[46] Eventually the line reformed over Southern Nebraska and began to produce damaging winds, growing to the height of the state at 1am CDT. Despite nighttime cooling, the line maintained itself and swept across all of Iowa bringing damaging winds up to 85 mph to the entire state and producing brief, weak tornadoes.[47]

Meanwhile in Texas and Oklahoma, a Slight Risk for all hazards was issued, though the tornado threat was seen as secondary to the more likely hail threat, with dew points in the low 70s °F and CAPE values around 3000 J/kg, but a supercellular storm mode.[45] Supercells initially developed over western Texas, though failed to sustain themselves, except for a cluster that sustained themselves on the TX/OK border.[46]

For May 24, the SPC initially issued a large Slight Risk from Southern Wisconsin to Central Texas, but in the 1300z Outlook upgraded northeast Illinois (for damaging winds) and a thin area of western/southern Oklahoma and northern Texas (for large hail) to an Enhanced Risk.[48] The line MCS from the previous night in Iowa continued into the late morning and produced a couple tornadoes over that area of Illinois. Following this, little tornado activity occurred during the day.[49] However, due to its long-lived hazard of damaging winds and long track length, the MCS was officially declared as a derecho by the Storm Prediction Center.[50]

May 25–27[edit]

Wikisource has original text related to this article:
EF3 damage to a house northwest of St. Charles, Kentucky. One person inside was killed and another was injured.

On May 25, the SPC warned of an outbreak of severe thunderstorms across a level 4/Moderate risk area that encompassed much of Oklahoma and Kansas, as well as southwestern Missouri. In this region, forecasters expected the development of a few discrete supercells that would be capable of producing giant hail and strong to violent tornadoes. Across the northern portion of the risk, these supercells were forecast to evolve into a mesoscale convective system with swaths of damaging winds into the overnight hours.[51] The potential for a level 5/High risk was discussed by forecasters in the preceding 24 hours given "a rare combination of instability and shear" that was depicted by model guidance.[52] However, multiple uncertainties precluded a categorical upgrade, particularly questions about the influence of storms in Texas on the risk area farther north. A broad upper-level trough existed over the Western United States, with several embedded shortwaves, one of which was expected to translate across the risk area during the afternoon. A stationary boundary lifted northward as a warm front while a dryline sharpened from western Kansas into western Texas. In the warm sector between these boundaries, dewpoints rose into the upper 60s to even mid-70s °F, aiding in the development of extreme mixed-layer instability of 4,000–5,000 J/kg.[53][54] A particularly dangerous situation tornado watch was subsequently issued for portions of extreme northern Texas, much of Oklahoma, and south-central Kansas.[55]

Shortly thereafter, multiple supercells evolved over time across Texas and Oklahoma, but the convective evolution quickly became messy as splitting storms developed in close proximity.[56] Additional supercells evolved across northern Oklahoma and southern Kansas, but those too underwent negative interaction with left-split storms and their accompanying outflow approaching from the south.[57][58] To the north, a southeast-propagating mesoscale convective system developed across northern Kansas.[59] To the south, a discrete supercell developed within an extremely sheared environment north of the Dallas–Fort Worth metropolitan area, resulting in a fatal strong tornado.[60] Additional supercells across eastern Oklahoma, southern Missouri, and northern Arkansas continued into the pre-dawn hours,[61] resulting in multiple intense and fatal tornadoes. A bowing mesoscale convective system evolved across the mid-Mississippi River Valley by sunrise.[62]

A tornado pictured in a grainy, nighttime image in southwest Indiana on May 26, 2024.
An EF2 tornado near Washington, Indiana on May 26

As the convective line with a history of damaging wind gusts spread eastward across the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys through the morning hours, it encountered a warming and destabilizing airmass, further increasing the severe threat.[63] This initial line moved toward portions of West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina and was subsequently trailed by a secondary line of convection across western portions Kentucky and Tennessee.[64][65] Cumulatively, this resulted in hundreds of damaging wind reports.[66] Meanwhile, farther to the south and west, forecasters became increasingly concerned about a corridor from southeastern Missouri eastward into western Kentucky and adjacent areas. Here, the influx of warm and dry air aloft allowed for the rapid destabilization of the atmosphere previously impacted by morning storms. An outflow boundary from that convection was expected to become the focal point for enhanced tornadic activity. As such, the SPC outlined a level 4/Moderate risk across portions of the Tennessee and Ohio river valleys due to increased confidence in an outbreak of damaging winds and strong tornadoes. Supercells began to develop across southwestern Missouri during the early afternoon.[67] As they continued eastward, they encountered an increasingly favorable environment, with MLCAPE over 3,500 J/kg and effective wind shear around 50 kn (60 mph; 90 km/h).[68] Additional storms began to develop in the open warm sector across Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky as well.[69] As these supercells interacted with the remnant outflow boundary, they resulted in the formation of several strong tornadoes.[70] By the evening hours, these storms were quickly trailed by a well-organized and intense line of convection moving toward the southeast.[71] This line maintained vigor for several hours even as it encountered a more stable airmass but finally began to lose strength as it approached the Appalachian Mountains region, resulting in a gradually diminishing severe threat through the morning of May 27.[72][73]

While severe storms formed across the eastern part of the continent on May 27 only a few a EF0s and EF1s touched down in multiple areas in Georgia, Pennsylvania as well as an EF-1 near the Ontario-Quebec border in Rigaud, Quebec

Confirmed tornadoes[edit]

See also: List of tornadoes in the tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024
Confirmed tornadoes by Enhanced Fujita rating
EFU EF0 EF1 EF2 EF3 EF4 EF5 Total
15 61 89 18 12 1 0 196+

Note: One tornado has been officially confirmed but is not yet rated.

Nodaway–Corning–Greenfield, Iowa[edit]

Nodaway–Corning–Greenfield, Iowa
The EF4 tornado approaching Greenfield, Iowa
Meteorological history
FormedMay 21, 2024, 2:57 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedMay 21, 2024, 3:43 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration46 minutes
EF4 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds175–185 mph (282–298 km/h)*
*Wind gusts of up to 250–290 mph (400–470 km/h) were measured in this tornado by Doppler on Wheels (DOW)[74][75][76]
Overall effects
Fatalities5
Injuries35+

A large, violent, multi-vortex tornado first touched down near the town of Villisca in Page County and moved northeastward, clipping the far northwestern tip of Taylor County before moving into Adams County. Continuing northeastward, the tornado crossed US 34 between Nodaway and Corning, toppling several wind turbines along this portion of the track, including one turbine that caught on fire. A woman died north of Corning when she was ejected from her car when it was lofted by the tornado while crossing Iowa 148.[77] The tornado continued northeastward and crossed into Adair County, reaching EF4 intensity for the first time in the southern part of the county as it moved over generally open terrain and leveled farmsteads along Fontanelle Road and 310th Street. It reached EF4 intensity again as it moved directly through and devastated Greenfield, where many homes were severely damaged or destroyed, including some that were flattened, vehicles were destroyed, and trees were stubbed.[10] At least four fatalities and 35 injuries were reported in the town.[9][78][10] The tornado then moved east-northeastward and dissipated over open terrain. A Doppler on Wheels measured winds of at least >250 mph (400 km/h), "possibly as high as 290 mph (470 km/h)" at 48 yards (44 m) above the surface.[79] Pieter Groenemeijer, the director of the European Severe Storms Laboratory noted that "on the IF-scale, 250 mph measured below 60 m above ground level is IF4 on the IF-scale, 290 mph is IF5."[80]

Valley View–Pilot Point, Texas[edit]

Valley View–Pilot Point, Texas
Meteorological history
FormedMay 25, 2024, 9:42 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedMay 25, 2024, 11:15 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration1 hour, 33 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds140 mph (230 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities7
Injuries100

This intense tornado caused major damage as it passed through Valley View and Pilot Point. A truck stop along I-35, which dozens of people had taken shelter in, was destroyed. To the east, a mobile home and RV park at the Ray Roberts marina in Valley View was devastated, with multiple fatalities being reported. 60+ injuries were confirmed by the Cooke County Sheriff. Preliminary information.[3][81][82]

Claremore–Pryor, Oklahoma[edit]

Claremore–Pryor, Oklahoma
Meteorological history
FormedMay 25, 2024, 11:19 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedMay 25, 2024, 11:59 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration40 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds145–155 mph (233–249 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities2
Injuries23+

Major damage was reported in Claremore from this strong tornado. Pictures indicate that the tornado continued to Pryor, where two fatalities occurred. At least 23 people were injured. Preliminary information.[81][83][84]

Bellefonte–Pyatt–Summit, Arkansas[edit]

Bellefonte–Pyatt–Summit, Arkansas
Meteorological history
FormedMay 26, 2024, 3:27 a.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedMay 26, 2024, 4:04 a.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration37 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds140 mph (230 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities4
Injuries1

This large, strong EF3 tornado initially touched down at 3:27 a.m. (08:27 UTC) south of Bellefonte, and moved east, destroying a hay barn, damaging trees, power poles, as well as the roofs and some walls of houses along the path. The tornado continued to snap trees as it moved into an open field before crossing US 65. After crossing the highway, it caused minor damage to the roofs and light poles of the Boone County Sheriff's Department and an Arkansas State Police troop center, damaged a storage unit complex, overturned an RV, and caused a large metal building to collapse as it continued to move east. The tornado grew in width and completely destroyed multiple unanchored homes along Maxie Camp Road at EF3 intensity, injuring one person. It then turned to the northeast and moved southeast of Olvey, continuing to cause damage to trees, and killing a woman inside of a mobile home which was destroyed.[85] Extensive tree damage continued to take place as the tornado moved into Marion County, where more mobile homes were destroyed, moderate damage to site-built houses occurred, and three people were killed as it moved south of, and eventually crossed, US 62. After continuing northeast and crossing AR 125, it completely destroyed another mobile home and continued to cause significant tree damage until it dissipated in a rural portion of the county north-northwest of Summit at 4:04 a.m (09:04 UTC). The tornado was on the ground for approximately 37 minutes, traveling a total path length of 21.10 miles (33.96 km), and reaching a peak width of 1,500 yards (1,400 m). A total of four people were killed by this tornado and one other person was injured.[86]

Eddyville–Crider–Charleston–Barnsley, Kentucky[edit]

Eddyville–Crider–Charleston–Barnsley, Kentucky
EF3 damage to a house north of Dawson Springs, Kentucky
Meteorological history
FormedMay 26, 2024, 8:01 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
DissipatedMay 26, 2024, 9:15 p.m. CDT (UTC−05:00)
Duration1 hour, 14 minutes
EF3 tornado
on the Enhanced Fujita scale
Highest winds160 mph (260 km/h)
Overall effects
Fatalities1
Injuries21

This long-tracked, high-end EF3 tornado touched down at 7:01 PM (00:01 UTC) in Lyon County, Kentucky just northeast of Eddyville and quickly reached EF2 intensity as it approached the Caldwell County line. It briefly weakened to EF1 intensity before restrengthening to EF2 north of Princeton where it destroyed mobile homes and damaged houses. There it reached its peak width of 700 yards (640 m). The tornado continued at EF2 strength between Princeton and Charleston, damaging or destroying several more homes. It reached EF3 strength just south of Charleston where several homes were destroyed, including one that was leveled and removed from its foundation. The tornado destroyed another home at EF3 intensity northwest of St. Charles, killing one person and injuring another. It then destroyed a double-wide mobile home in Barnsley, north of Mortons Gap before abruptly dissipating just west of Interstate 69 at 9:15 PM (02:15 UTC).[87][88] This storm struck some of the same areas affected by the 2021 Western Kentucky tornado.[89]


Non-tornadic effects[edit]

The start of the 2024 Indianapolis 500 was delayed on May 26th due to thunderstorms near the event.[90] On May 27, a New York Mets game against the Los Angeles Dodgers was postponed for a day due to the severe storms.[91] One person was killed in Colorado due to a lightning strike.[8]

Impact[edit]

Iowa[edit]

Several people were killed and dozens injured in Greenfield, Iowa. Hospitals in the Adair County Health System were evacuated.[citation needed] Multiple fatalities and at least a dozen injuries have been confirmed. There is also a curfew in effect indefinitely, and authorities have limited traffic in and out of town.[92]

Southern United States[edit]

The May 25–26 severe weather outbreak killed at least 26 people in total, including seven in Texas, two in Oklahoma, eight in Arkansas, five in Kentucky, one in Alabama,[5][6] two in Missouri,[7] and one in Colorado.[8] At least 18 of these deaths were due to tornadoes.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ National Weather Service (28 May 2024). "Rich Creek Road/Fayette County Microburst". Iowa Environmental Mesonet. Charleston, West Virginia: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
  2. ^ Harris, Tim; Wesner Childs, Jan. "5 Dead, At Least 35 Hurt Following Iowa Tornadoes". The Weather Channel. Retrieved May 23, 2024.
  3. ^ a b Freedman, Pete; Solomon, Richard (26 May 2024). "Dozens injured and at least two confirmed dead -- so far -- following reported tornado Saturday night, Cooke County Sheriff says". wfaa.com. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  4. ^ Straker, Renee; Childs, Jan Wesner (May 26, 2024). "Texas Tornado Kills At Least 5; Two Die In Oklahoma Twister | Weather.com". The Weather Channel. Retrieved May 26, 2024.
  5. ^ a b Faheid, Dalia; Afshar, Paradise; Williams, Ashley; Raffa, Elisa; Sutton, Joe (May 26, 2024). "At least 18 people are dead after tornado-spawning storms strike the central US on Memorial Day weekend". CNN. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  6. ^ a b Magramo, Kathleen; Mascarenhas, Lauren; Chowdhury, Maureen; Hammond, Elise; Zerkel, Eric; Gilbert, Mary (May 27, 2024). "At least 23 killed in tornado-spawning storms sweeping central US". CNN. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
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  8. ^ a b c Honderich, Holly (May 28, 2024). "Thousands of Americans without power due to severe weather". BBC. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
  9. ^ a b Reyna-Rodriguez, Victoria; Kealey, Kate; Sitter, Phillip; Rood, Lee; Lathers, Addison. "Updates: Tornado, storm damage still being felt in Iowa as clean up begins". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved 23 May 2024.
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  74. ^ Cappucci, Matthew (24 May 2024). "Why the Greenfield tornado was so powerful" (News article). Greenfield, Iowa: The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  75. ^ Wurman, Joshua; Kosiba, Karen (22 May 2024). "Very prelim analysis of DOW data show >250 mph peak winds, possibly high as 290, at 44 m (144 ft) above ground in Greenfield, IA. Tornado very intense & also very small, so worst winds were in narrow swath. Raw data from DOW7 (L); Prelim DOW-measured center path. POD blue dot (R)" (Post on 𝕏). 𝕏 (Formerly Twitter). University of Illinois: Doppler on Wheels. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
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  77. ^ Kealey, Kate (2024-05-23). "Police identify woman killed in Adams County when tornado blew her out of a car". Des Moines Register. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
  78. ^ "Greenfield tornado: Authorities confirm multiple fatalities in southwest Iowa". KCCI. May 22, 2024. Archived from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
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  80. ^ Groenemeijer, Pieter (22 May 2024). "Impressive measurement! On the IF-scale, 250 mph measured below 60 m above ground level is IF4 on the IF-scale, 290 mph is IF5" (Post on 𝕏). 𝕏 (Formerly Twitter). European Severe Storms Laboratory. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2024.
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  90. ^ "IMS delays start of Indy 500, vacates grandstands, Snake Pit for 3 hours". The Indianapolis Star. 26 May 2024.
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  92. ^ Rood, Kyle Werner and Lee. "Deaths, extensive damage in Greenfield after a powerful tornado rips through town". The Des Moines Register. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
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